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11.
In calcic plagioclase (Ca, Na) [(Al, Si) AlSi2O8] Al-Si ordering produces superstructures with periodic and non periodic antiphase boundaries (APB's). Crystals growing at high temperature close to the melting point and cooling fairly rapidly order by nucleation of ordered domains which grow, resulting in an irregular pattern of curved APB's (b plagioclase). A modulated structure with periodic APB's forms by continuous ordering at large undercooling below the critical ordering temperature (e plagioclase). During annealing APB's are eliminated by pairwise recombination of adjacent APB's to reduce strain energy along the boundaries thereby transforming nonstable e plagioclase into stable b plagioclase without change in chemical composition. This process is often accompanied by a chemical phase separation with APB's providing favorable surfaces for diffusion. Transformations are documented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs illustrating the variation in morphology of APB patterns in igneous and metamorphic plagioclase. They are in agreement with Korekawa et al.'s (1978) model of intermediate plagioclase which relies on periodic stacking of basic units rather than wavelike modulations. The paper includes observations of a new type of satellite in Stillwater bytownite (‘h’ satellites) which are due to fine lamellar exsolution. 相似文献
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Prof. H. -R. Wenk 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1984,73(1):419-431
Along the northern contact of Bergell granite the style of deformation changes from ductile mylonites at high metamorphic grade (amphibolite facies) in the west (Val Bondasca) to brittle faulting at low grade (greenschist facies) in the east (Maloja). This transition is documented with large scale structural observations, petrofabric data and microstructure which suggest that faulting in the Margneta-Maloja-Casaccia region is related to emplacement of the Bergell granite, and not extending beyond Isola, rather than to a large-scale strike slip fault (Engadine Line).
Zusammenfassung Entlang des nördlichen Kontaktes des Bergeller Granits ändert sich der Deformationsstil von plastisch verformten Myloniten (Amphibolitfazies) im Westen (Val Bondasca) zum spröden Bruch (Grünschieferfazies) im Osten (Maloja). Der Übergang wird mit großstrukturellen Beobachtungen, Gefügedaten und MikroStrukturen belegt die andeuten, daß Versetzungen in der Margneta-Maloja-Casaccia-Region mit der Platznahme des Bergeller Granits zusammenhängen und sich nur bis Isola erstrecken. Sie werden deshalb nicht mit großräumigen Transversalverschiebungen assoziiert (Engadiner Linie).
Résumé Le long du contact septentrional du granite de Bergell, le style de la déformation change, depuis des mylonites ductiles à haut degré métamorphique dans l'Ouest (Val Bondasca) (facies amphibolite) jusqu'à une fracturation à degré de métamorphisme peu élevé (facies schiste vert) dans l'Est (Maloja). La transition est apportée par des observations de structures macroscopiques, de textures et de microstructures, qui suggèrent que les déplacements dans la région sont liés à l'emplacement du granite de Begell et finissent vers Isola. Ils ne sont donc pas associés à un système de failles transversales de grande extension (ligne de l'Engadine).
( ) — — ( ) — . , , , - qK . ( ).相似文献
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The nature of carbonates and related second phase minerals in carbonatite samples from the Alnø and Fen regions has been studied by optical and transmission electron microscopy, aided by X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis.Calcite, dolomite and ankerite have been found to exhibit two phase microstructures. Coherent ribbons of calcitic material occur in dolomite and ankerite, while the calcite grains commonly contain a fine dispersion of plate-like and sometimes rod-like precipitates. Calcite and dolomite frequently occur in contact with the same crystallographic lattice orientation, the small lattice mismatch being indicated by moiré patterns at the grain boundaries and occasional misfit dislocations.The two-phase structure of calcite in dolomite reported for the first time in this paper is thought to be a high temperature analogue of the modulated microstructures reported recently in calcian sedimentary dolomites (Wenk et al. 1983). 相似文献
14.
F. Wagner H. -R. Wenk H. Kern P. Van Houtte C. Esling 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1982,80(2):132-139
Carbonate rocks deform preferentially by twin gliding on e={01ˉ18} and slip on r ={10ˉ14} and f={02ˉ21}. In polycrystalline aggregates strong textures develop. We report on experimentally produced textures in triaxial
plane strain geometry with orthorhombic symmetry at 200° C and 400° C. Pole figure of the experimentally deformed specimens
are compared quantitatively with theoretical simulations based on the Taylor theory using both slip and mechanical twinning
as mechanisms. Agreement at low and high temperature is satisfactory and documents that models developed for f.c.c. metals
can be applied to low symmetry minerals provided that deformation mechanisms are known and that mechanical twinning is properly
accounted for. Comparison with experimental results indicates that strain was nearly homogeneous at the conditions considered
and the same may apply to many geological textures. Three texture types are described which are differentiated mainly by the
relative importance of e twinning. 相似文献
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16.
Dauphiné twinning and texture memory in polycrystalline quartz. Part 3: texture memory during phase transformation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hans-Rudolf?WenkEmail author N.?Barton M.?Bortolotti S.?C.?Vogel M.?Voltolini G.?E.?Lloyd G.?B.?Gonzalez 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(10):567-583
Samples of quartz-bearing rocks were heated above the α (trigonal)–β (hexagonal) phase transformation of quartz (625–950°C)
to explore changes in preferred orientation patterns. Textures were measured both in situ and ex situ with neutron, synchrotron
X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction. The trigonal–hexagonal phase transformation does not change the orientation of
c- and a-axes, but positive and negative rhombs become equal in the hexagonal β-phase. In naturally deformed quartzites measured by
neutron diffraction a perfect texture memory was observed, i.e. crystals returned to the same trigonal orientation they started
from, with no evidence of twin boundaries. Samples measured by electron back-scattered diffraction on surfaces show considerable
twinning and memory loss after the phase transformation. In experimentally deformed quartz rocks, where twinning was induced
mechanically before heating, the orientation memory is lost. A mechanical model can explain the memory loss but so far it
does not account for the persistence of the memory in quartzites. Stresses imposed by neighboring grains remain a likely cause
of texture memory in this mineral with a very high elastic anisotropy. If stresses are imposed experimentally the internal
stresses are released during the phase transformation and the material returns to its original state prior to deformation.
Similarly, on surfaces there are no tractions and thus texture memory is partially lost. 相似文献
17.
Gilles Brocard Thierry Adatte Olivier Magand Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer Albedo Bettini Fabien Arnaud Flavio S. Anselmetti Sergio Moran-Ical 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,52(3):155-169
Laguna Chichój (Lake Chichój) is the only deep permanent lake in the central highlands of Guatemala. The lake is located in the boundary zone between the North American and Caribbean plates. The lake has been struck by devastating earthquakes and tropical cyclones in historical times. We investigated the imprint of twentieth century extreme events on the sedimentary record of this tropical lake using a bathymetric survey of the lake, coring the lake floor, and providing a chronology of sediment accumulation. The lake occupies a series of circular depressions likely formed by the rapid dissolution of a buried body of gypsum. 210Pb and 137Cs inventories and varve counting indicate high rates of sedimentation (1–2 cm year?1). The annually layered sediment is interrupted by turbidites of two types: a darker-colored turbidite, enriched in lake-derived biogenic constituents, and interpreted as a seismite, and a lighter-colored type, enriched in catchment-derived constituents, interpreted as a flood layer. Comparison of our 137Cs-determined layer ages with a catalog of twentieth century earthquakes shows that an earthquake on the Motagua fault in 1976 generated a conspicuous darker-colored turbidite and slumped deposits in separate parts of the lake. The entire earthquake inventory further reveals that mass movements in the lake are triggered at Modified Mercalli Intensities higher than V. Tropical cyclonic depressions known to have affected the lake area had limited effect on the lake, including Hurricane Mitch in 1998. One storm however produced a significantly thicker flood layer in the 1940s. This storm is reportedly the only event to have generated widespread slope failures in the lake catchment. It is thus inferred that abundant landsliding provided large amounts of concentrated sediment to the lake, through hyperpycnal flows. 相似文献
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